I'UKSKN'TED   TO   THE 


UN-IVERSITY  OF  CflLIFORNJH 


ROBERT  E.  COWfiN  COLLECTION 


C.  P.  HUNTINGTON 

dUNE,   18Q7 

flccession  No.  /6  X(^j^Glass'No. 


University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


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HYDEAULIG  POWER 


INCONVENIENCES  OF  EXISTIN&  AND  OLD-TIME  MOTOR  WHEELS 


* 


PRODUCTION  OF  NEW  PATENT  WHEELS  AND  A  NEW  SYSTEM 
WHICH   WILL    MULTIPLY    A    HUNDRED-FOLD   THE 
INITIAL  MOTIVE  POWER  WITH  THE  SAME 
QUANTITY    OF    WATER. 


BV 


E.    D  E  R  B  E  C 


SAN  FRANCISCO 

THE  BANCROFT  COMPANY 

1889 


i 


H 


N  B  W 


HYDRAULIC  POWER 


». 


INCONVENIENCES  OF  EXISTINC  AND  OLD-TIME  MOTOR  WHEELS 


PRODUCTION  OP  NEW  PATENT  WHEELS  AND  A  NEW  SYSTEM 
WHICH   WILL   MULTIPLY    A    HUNDRED-FOLD   THE 
INITIAL  MOTIVE  POWER  WITH  THE  SAME 
QUANTITY    OF    WATER. 


BY 


K.    D  E  R  B  E  C 


SAN  FRANCISCO 
THE  BANCROFT  COMPANY 

1  8  S  9 


Copyrighted,  1889 

By  E.  DERBEC 

At  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress 


All  Rights  Reserved 


INTRODUCTION. 


These  unpretending  pages  are  very  few  in  number,  but 
they  are  capable  of  being  made  rich  in  results.  Their  title 
will  best  describe  their  object.  They  are,  however,  only  the 
herald  of  the  future,  and  E  am  pleased  to  hope  that  they  will 
be  welcomed  as  tending  to  open  a  new  era  of  progress,  of  labor 
and  of  wealth  for  the  country. 

I  have  always  thought  that,  if  a  man's  life  is  to  be  useful, 
he  must  place  it  at  the  service  of  his  fellow-citizens.  He  must 
devote  it  to  progress,  or  rather  to  all  the  progressive  measures 
which  are  instrumental  in  advancing  humanity  towards  a 
higher  sphere.  And  that  man  ought  to  be  held  in  the  highest 
honor  who  has  done  the  most  for  his  native  country  or  for  his 
adopted  country,  and  yet  more  for  the  great  human  family. 

Such  are  the  ideas  and  principles  which  have  governed 
my  whole  life,  and  these  are  the  ideas  which  have  inspired  me 
in  this  undertaking.  But  it  is  only  a  commencement,  a  sort  of 
material  entry  through  the  great  gate  of  progress.  To  day  it 
is  the  starting  point.  I  lay  down  my  preuiises.  The  details 
will  be  given  hereafter.     This,  then,  is  the  aim  : 

I  wish  to  see  established  a  new  industry,  of  which  the 
country  stands  greatly  in  need,  an  industry  which  shall  insure 
its  well-being  by  giving  value  to  its  dead  wealth,  which  shall 
bring  to  light  its  hidden  treasures,  and  which,  after  having 
revealed  their  origin,  shall  procure  them  by  new  economical 
means,  and  shall  thus  develop  them  for  the  welfare  of  all. 

I  inaugurate  this  publication,  then,  to-day  in  mailing 
known  a  new  and  patented  principle,  which  shall  increase  ten- 
fold, and  even  centriple,  not  only  the  resources  of  man  but  the 
strength  of  machinery  in  those  countries  where  its  application 
is  possible.  And  this  I  do.  looking  for  even  better  things. 
Every  stage  of  progress  will  come  in  its  turn.  And  as  a  first 
consequence  of  the  creation  of  the  new  motive  power  I  will 
shortly  publish  a  new  work,  whose  title  and  summaries  speak 
for  themselves: 

NEW     INDUSTRV 
THK    rvlARCH    OK     PROORESS 

New,  Economical,   Patented  and  Perfect 

SYSTEM    OF    MI  NINO 

For  G01.D,  Silver  .^.nd  other  Metals 


Molecular  Disiutegraticu.— Working  ores  ami  washing  gravels.— Roasting,  rt'diicing,. 
disintegrating  ores,  cements,  gravels  and  auriferous  eemeuted  niiucrals. 

Tunneling,  drifting,  separating,  breaking,  crushing,  pulverizing,  gravels,  quartz. 
schists,  boulders,  ores  of  anv  kiiui  and  stones. 

Dredging,  e.^cavatiug,  ditching,  hoisting,  ditching,  drilling,  poundiug.  pumping. 
blowing,  lighting,  preserving  life. 

(lonsentratiug^  amalgamating,  reducing,  saving,  catching  invisible  gold,  eomliiued 
lost  golds,  precipitated  gold.  Boat  gold,   and  all  nou-amalgamable  lost  golds. 

Saving  the  finest  particles  of  precious  metals,  and  also  the  lost  amalgamated  quick- 
silver. 

Avoiding  losses  of  gold  under  all  their  forms,  saving  all  of  them. 

Useful  employ  of  the  debris— and  getting  rid  of  the  tailings,  miuer'-^  d.'i.n^. 
mining" residues  without  filling  the  streams  or  the  rivers. 


—  4  — 

It  may  appear  presumptuous  to  put  forth  such  a  pro- 
gramme, but  it  is  the  result  of  a  whole  life  of  incessant  toil, 
which  has  conducted  me  to  such  progress  in  the  different 
branches  of  the  metallurgy  of  the  precious  metals,  that  it 
would  be  a  crime  to  allow  it  to  remain  unpublished. 

After  having  succeeded  in  doubling  and  even  increasing  a 
hundred-fold  the  resources  of  man,  and  the  power  of  machin- 
ery, and  in  producing  wealth  where  no  one  supposed  that  it 
could  exist,  I  have  wished  to  complete  my  work.  I  have 
desired  to  incpiire  into  the  source  of  this  wealth,  whence  it  origi- 
nated, and  ))y  what  circuitous  means  it  reached  us;  what  were 
the  companions  that  accompanied  it  in  its  secret  ways;  and  I 
have  followed  them  like  a  pointer;  what  were  the  friendly  or 
inimical  combinations  which  favored  or  hindered  their  produc- 
tion, or  which  caused  loss;  how  both  of  these  combinations 
acted  during  their  long  journey,  from  their  issuance  from  the 
primal  fire  to  their  appearance  on  the  flowery  plains  of  this 
beautiful  Innd. 

And,  once  engaged  in  these  researches,  I  have  found  so 
much  pleasure  that  I  have  been,  so  to  speak,  buried  in  them 
up  to  the  moment  when  I  believed  myself  to  have  discovered 
the  Sf  cret  of  their  creation. 

But  this  was  not  enough.  After  having  recognized  the 
origin  of  these  riches  it  was  necessary  to  show  how  to  recog- 
nize the  conditions  of  their  presence  when  surrounded  by 
incongruous  foreign  matter. 

And  after  having  found  them,  it  was  necessary  to  seek 
economic  means  for  extracting  them,  for  making  the  labor 
profitable,  for  extracting  the  entire  valuable  element  without 
loss  ;  in  short,  to  refine  them  up  to  the  point  when  the  gold  and 
the  silver,  those  two  greatest  agents  of  civilization,  could  be 
circulated  on  the  globe  in  fiscal  form. 

This  vvill  be  the  third  part  of  the  work,  and  its  title  will 
be,  "  Tlic  Onijin  of  Gold.''  Its  title  will  indicate  its  object.  I 
have  thought  that  the  metallurgy  of  the  precious  metals  will 
be  always  incomplete  and  imperfect  if  the  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  the  law  creating  metals  be  ignored.  It  is  a  scientific 
principle,  tlioroughly  established,  that  to  cure  a  disease  it  is 
necessary  to  recognize  it.  It  is  the  same  with  precious  metals. 
To  obtain  them  in  their  full  and  entire  abundance  one  must 
know  their  origin,  the  causes  which  have  produced  them,  the 
manner  in  which  tliey  comport  themselves  in  the  veins,  how 
they  combine,  how  their  combinations  become  irreducible,  and 
the  reasons  for  their  too  frecjuent  loss,  in  order  to  be  able  to 
avoid  them.  All  these  (juestions  have  not  yet  been  broachetl, 
or  so  little  as  it  is  scarcely  worth  the  trouble  of  recording  them. 
It  is  a  pity,  for  without  a  thorough  knowledge  of  these  essen- 
tial (piestions,  metallurgical  operations  will  never  yield  what 
they  ought  to  yield. 

I  take  U[)  the  pen  then  in  the  name  of  great  results  to  l)e 
accomplished  in  the  most  imi)ortant  branch  of  human  indus- 
try— the  alniiidant  and  (M-onoinical  production  of  gold. 

The  few  pages  which  follow  are  only  a  pioneer  company 
to  clear  the  way,  and  I  place  them  under  the  vigilant  protec- 
tion of  the  [)uhlic  in  view  of  the  great  end  to  be  attaineil. 

K.  1). 


NEW  HYDRAULIC  POWER, 


Inconveniences  of  Existing  and  Old-Time 
Motor  Wheels. 


PRODUCTION  OF  NEW  PATENT  WHEELS    AND  A  NEW    SYSTEM  WHICH 

WILL    MULTIPLY  A    HUNDRED-FOLD   THE  INITIAL  MOTIVE 

FORCE    WITH  THE    SAME    QUANTITY    OF  WATER. 


The  motive  wheels  actually  in  use  are  far  from  being  per- 
fect. More  than  three-fourths  of  them  render  little  service  to 
industry.  All  the  old  systems  require  mucli  water,  and  their 
force  is  limited.  They  cannot  count  in  operations  on  a  grand 
scale.  For  some  time  improvements  have  been  effected  in  the 
wheels  known  under  the  name  of  Jfurdy-Gvrdy,  by  operating 
them  with  the  aid  of  a  hydraulic  jet  at  high  pressure.  The 
best  models  of  this  class  are  knoAvn  under  the  name  of  Pelton 
wheels,  and  Knight  wheels,  and  yet  they  are  far  from  being 
perfect.  A  motor  wheel  which  should  answer  all  the  require- 
ments of  operations  on  the  large  and  the  small  scale,  as  well  as 
the  requirements  of  the  public,  is  still  a  desideratum.  Its 
creation,  then,  would  be  welcome,  and  would  have  such  valu- 
able consequences  for  the  whole  country,  that  I  have  not  lujsi- 
tated  in  attempting  to  improve  so  precious  an  engine,  and  to 
make  of  it  a  mechanical  instrument  of  great  public  utility. 

We  will  not  speak  of  the  ancient  hydraulic  wheels;  they 
are  slow,  heavy  and  usually  produce  but  little  power;  they  are 
also  massive,  costly  to  build,  inconvenient  for  transport,  neces- 
sitating dams  and  masonry  often  of  an  expensive  character. 
They  are  also  inconvcMiient  in  only  producing  the  motor  force 
at  the  place  where  they  are  set  up. 

Another  inconvenience  is.  that  after  having  produced  a 
moderate  force,  the  water  is  lost.  It  falls,  its  usefulness  is 
ended.  The  best  known  of  the  IIurdy-Gurdy  wheels  and  con- 
sidered as  the  best  wheel  is  the  Pelton  wheel,  but  it  has  a  great 
drawback  in  common  with  all  other  hydraulic  jet  wheels. 

Its  jet*  in  contact  with  the  saucer  on  which  it  strikes,  is 
converted  into  spray;  into  mist,  then  falls;  the  water  trickles 
away,  there  is  an  end  of  it,  its  usefulness  is  gone,  its  strength 
is  spent.  In  spite  of  this,  the  Pelton  wheel  is  a  great  improve- 
ment on  the  old  one,  and  I  take  pleasure  in  doing  justice  to  its 
nventor. 


—  6  — 

It  is  because  I  have  been  struck  by  these  inconveniences 
that  I  have  sought  to  avoid  them.  And  if  I  could  avoid 
them,  I  say  to  myself,  it  would  be  perfection,  and  a  benefit  to 
the  country.  I  have  labored  to  this  end.  And  not  only  have 
I  avoided  these  inconveniences,  these  losses,  but  I  have  done 
more,  much  more;  T  have  doubled  th(>  power;  not  only  have  f 
doubled  it,  but  trij^led  it,  quadrupled,  decupled,  centupled  it 
icith  this  same  lost  water. 

I  have,  then,  constructed  a  wheel  operating  by  hydraulic 
pressure,  with  conduit  or  tube.  In  the  Pelton  wheel,  which  is 
the  best,  the  motive  water  is  changed  into  spray  at  the  moment 
of  the  contact  which  produces  the  force,  and  this  water  becomes 
inert  matter  which  Hows  away.  Total  of  the  force  produced 
by  the  Pelton  wheel:  one  (v)]it )  force.  In  my  motor  wheel  there 
is  no  jet,  no  saucer,  thus  no  spray,  no  mist,  and  no  water  lost; 
no  spent  water  escaping  to  the  sea  after  having  produced  the 
motive  force. 

My  water  continues  its  course  and  not  a  drop  is  lost. 
Every  cubic  foot  of  liquid,  every  metre  is  an  addition  of  force. 
The  great  initial  hydraulic  force  continues  its  work;  it  keeps  its 
velocity;  this  force  is  not  lost,  it  is  stable,  perpetual;  it  multi- 
plies itself;  it  produces  new  motive  forces  wherever  it  passes. 
Not  only  is  this  force  not  diminished  in  process  of  multiplying, 
but  instead  of  being  lost  and  of  running  off  to  the  sea  like  the 
water  of  other  wheels,  each  sj)ace  that  it  clears  in  falling 
becomes  a  new  addition  of  force  to  the  general  force  which  is 
above  it.  And  the  more  this  water  descends,  the  further  it  gets 
from  the  departure  point  the  more  it  Avill  turn  machines,  the 
more  it  will  extend  its  power  and  its  benefits.  In  a  word,  it 
will  never  stop.  And  when  finally  cast  into  the  sea,  this  water 
will  leave  behind  it  a  long  luminous  trail  which  shall  bear  wit- 
ness to  the  power  of  industry  and  the  genius  of  men.  Such  is 
the  thought  which  has  presided  at  the  creation  of  this  novel 
engine. 

The  following  are  the  bases  I  have  adopted  for  the  departure 
point  of  my  motor  wheels,  recently  patented  by  the  Patent 
Office  of  the  United  States  Government  at  Washington.  I 
judge  by  comparison,  but  the  bases  are  real. 

I  suppose  the  hydraulic  pipe  to  represent  a  square  foot, 
and  I  say: 

Twenty-seven  cubic  feet  in  length  represent  one  ton,  that 
is  2.0U0  pounds,  equivalent  to  two-horse  power. 

If  I  put  these  2,000  pounds  on  a  lever  or  on  a  wheel  lever 
at  50,  I  obtain  a  weight,  or  a  force  50  times  greater,  which  is 
300.000  pounds  or  100  horse-power. 

l>ut  if  I  put  these  2,()()()  pounds  on  a  wheel  lever  at  100  I 
obtain  a  weight  or  force  KH)  times  greater,  Avhich  is  200,000  lbs. 
or  200  horse-power. 

If  I  put  two  tons  or  1,000  pounds  on  a  wheel  lever  at  100  I 
obtain  a  weight  of  400,000  pounds,  representing  400  horse- 
power. 

If  I  put  three  tons,  or  G.OOO  poiuuls  on  a  wheel  lever  at  100, 
I  obtain  a  weight  of  600,000  poimds,  representing  a  force  of 
600  horse-power. 

if  I  put  four  tons,  or  8,000  pi)unds  on  a  wheel  lever  at  100, 
I  obtain  a  weight  of  SOO.OOO.  representing  800  horse-power. 


If  I  put  five  tons  or  10,000  pounds  on  a  wheel  lever  at  100, 
I  attain  a  weight  of  one  millinn  pounds,  representing  a  force  of 
1,000  horse-power. 

The  length  which  a  ton  represents  in  cubic  feet  being  27 
feet,  a  pipe  27  feet  long  will  represent  one  ton;  135  feet  in 
length  will  represent,  theroforo,  five  tons  or  10,000  pounds, 
which  placed  on  a  wheel  lever  at  100  will  represent  a  sheer  force 
of  1 ,000  horse-power. 

A  tube  270  feet  long  representing  ten  tons  or  20,000  pounds 
placed  on  the  wheel  lever  at  100  would  give  a  weight  of  200,000 
pounds  representing  2,000  horse-power. 

A  tube  405  feet  long  representing  15  tons  or  30,000  pounds 
placed  on  100  would  produce  a  brute  force  of  3,000  horses. 

A  tube  of  540  feet,  representing  20  tons,  or  40,000  pounds, 
placed  on  a  wheel  lever  at  100  would  represent  400,000  pounds.- 
equal  to  4,000  horses. 

A  tube  of  675  feet,  representing  25  tons,  or  50,000  pounds, 
placed  on  a  lever  at  100  would  represent  a  weight  of  500,000 
pounds,  equal  to  a  brute  force  of  5,000  horses. 

I  stop  there.  I  may  add  that  this  enormous  weight  does 
not  rest  directly  on  the  wheel,  and  also  that  there  will  be  fric- 
tion. But  whatever  deductions  may  be  made,  there  will  always 
remain  a  very  great  free  motor  power,  and  this  power  will  be 
so  much  greater  as  the  tubes  are  more  inclined.  The  steam 
engine  itself  has  its  friction  points,  and  it  has  enormous  masses 
of  iron  to  support,  which  sometimes  dispose  of  half  its  force, 
but  there  always  remains  enough  to  enable  it  to  move  the  most 
powerful  machinery.  In  the  case  we  are  now  considering  it 
may  be  the  same,  but  that  need  not  concern  us. 

Thus  if  075  feet  of  pipe,  containing  25  tons  of  liquid,  or 
50,000  pounds,  placed  on  a  lever  at  100,  can  produce  a  gross 
force  of  5,000  horses,  1,350  feet  will  produce  douV)le,  that  is  to 
say  a  force  of  10,000  horses.  There  would  only  be  the  friction 
to  be  deducted  and  the  want  of  inclination  to  be  taken  count 
of.  But,  as  the  fall  is  very  steep  in  mountains,  there  will 
always  remain  a  very  large  free  force  disposable.  It  is  well  to 
remark  that  the  forces  obtained  will  be  greater  as  the  slopes 
are  steeper. 

*  *  * 

These  are  the  great  forces  which  I  utilize  without  hss  of 
water  and  without  loss  of  force  by  the  interior  arrangement  of 
my  wheel.  The  force  and  water,  not  being  lost,  continue  to 
reproduce  themselves  the  whole  length  of  the  traverse,  setting 
in  motion  all  the  wheels  incased  in  the  tube.  In  the  hydraulic 
wheels  in  actual  use,  the  force  once  produced,  the  water  stops, 
falls,  and  the  little  force  produced  remains  stationary. 

in  my  system  it  is  quite  the  contrary.  The  water  does 
not  fall.  It  continues  everywhere  to  produce  force,  to  augment 
it  incessantly.  And  the  more  the  water  increases  its  distance 
from  its  starting  point  the  more  its  force  augments,  the  more  it 
produces  the  more  it  multiplies,  going  on  from  multiplication 
to  multiplication. 

The  force  augments  for  the  mathematical  reason  that  the 
weight  of  water  augments,  and  that  it  goes  on  increasing  if  the 
water  be  not  lost. 


—  8- 

For  example,  suppose  a  tube  1,350  feet  long,  capable  of 
producing  a  brute  force,  effective  or  nominal,  of  10,000  horses, 
on  starting  from  the  1,350th  foot.  The  first  10,000  horse- 
power is  then  the  starting  point  of  the  motive  force.  Then 
every  length  of  pipe  or  tube  of  1,350  feet  which  shall  follow 
can  also  produce  a  force,  nominal  or  effective,  of  10,000  horse- 
power more.  Each  new  length  of  tube  of  1,350  feet  will  then 
increase  by  10,000  horses  the  total  force  of  the  tube.  Sup- 
pose that  each  tube  of  1,350  feet  can  operate  its  latent  force  of 
10,000  horse-power  10,  20,  30,  40,  50,  60,  70,  80  of  my  motor 
wheels  and  even  more,  which  I  consider  feasible,  but  which 
will  never  be  needed. 

Then  by  reason  of  100  motor  wheels  for  each  1,350  feet  of 
tube,  that  would  give  a  force  of  100  horses  for  each  motor 
wheel.  There  is  no  industry  in  the  world  Avhich  necessitates 
such  an  outlay  of  power. 

But  it  must  be  remarked  that  each  new  addition  of  1,350 
feet  of  tube  brings  to  the  whole  (total  effective  power)  a  new 
brute  force,  hypothetical  but  possible  notwithstanding,  of 
10,000  horses. 

Let  us  then  recapitulate  the  force  which  could,  if  needed, 
be  obtained  under  certain  circumstances,  from  ten  lengths  of 
tube  placed  end  to  end  : 

The  first  length  of  1,350  feet  would  give  10,000  horse- 
power as  the  departure  point. 

The  second  length  of  1,350  feet  would  represent  20,000 
horse-power. 

The  third  length  of  1,350  feet  would  represent  30,000 
horse-power. 

The  fourth  length  of  1,350  feet  would  represent  40,000 
horse-power. 

The  fifth  length  50,000  horse-power. 

The  sixth  length  00,000  horse-power. 

The  seventh  length  70,000  horse-power. 

The  eighth  length  80,000  horse-power. 

The  ninth  length  90,000  horse-power. 

The  tenth  length  100,000  horse-power, 

And  so  on. 

It  might  be  increased  up  to  millions,  without  this  gigantic 
force  costing  anything  to  produce  outside  of  the  price  of  tubes 
and  wheels. 

*  *  * 

Let  us  imagine  this  enormous  mass  of  water  falling  from 
lofty  mountains,  imprisoned  in  an  iron  envelope,  descending  to 
the  plains  and  producing  the  motive  power  without  loss  and 
without  expense  wherever  it  pusses.  This  force  will  be  so 
powerful  that  it  will  be  aide  to  move  the  heaviest  machine  like 
a  feather.  It  will  be  irresistible.  It  will  confer  the  benefits  of 
industry  not  only  on  the  plains,  but  it  will  even  create  it  in  the 
most  savr.ge  wastes,  the  most  precipitous  mountains,  in  which 
the  mines  are  often  situated. 

The  more  precipitous  these  crags  the  greater  will  be  the 
force  produced  amongst  them  on  account  of  the  slopes,  which 
are  generally  steep.  Every  man  can  then  become  a  power  and 
a  mechanic,  having  a  great  motor  force,  which  will  work  night 
and   day,  in   his  workshop  or  in   his  house,   always   ready   to 


—  9  — 

serve  him,  lighting  him  with  electricity,  replacing  his  own 
arms,  grinding  his  grain,  pulverizing  and  amalgamating  his 
quartz,  in  short,  supplying  all  the  needs  of  industry  on  a  large 
as  well  as  a  small  scale. 

*  *  =1. 

My  motor  wheel  diflfers  essentially  from  other  known 
wheels.  Its  width  will  he  hased  on  that  of  the  pip(;  which 
supplies  the  motor  fluid.  It  differs  essentially  from  other 
wheels  in  this  sense,  that  instead  of  receiving  the  liquid  on  the 
outside  it  receives  it  on  the  inside,  and  also  on  several  indented 
pockets.  The  enormous  pressure  of  the  colunm  of  water  which 
issues  with  irresistihle  impetuosity  on  the  front  of  the  wheel 
and  strikes  it  scjuarely,  and  with  all  its  might  sets  it  in  motion. 
producing  the  first  and  enormous  degree  of  pouter.  And  this 
enormous  pressure  continues  to  act  on  the  three  internal  walls, 
right,  left  and  central,  in  the  process  of  revolution,  producing  a 
second,  third  ((nd  fourth  great  force.  Note  that  the  great  lifjuid 
force  in  the  center  retains  all  its  original  power  without  losing 
either  force  or  velocity.  Striking  on  the  multiple  indented 
pockets  without  any  lateral  friction,  this  enormous  pressure, 
which  bears  on  all  sides,  turns  the  whsel  with  irresistihle  force. 

Then  beyond  the  central  point  of  the  wheel,  where  the 
enormous  column  of  concentrated  water  issues  with  impetuos- 
ity, one  of  my  wheels,  a  foot  wide,  can  still  present  three  large 
surfaces  to  this  enormous  pressure.  Hence  the  pJeiritude  of  its 
force,  tvhich  perpetuates  itself  naturally. 

The  part  in  which  this  second,  third,  and  fourth  great 
force  is  produced  is  like  a  long  chamber  whose  interior  walls 
and  ceiling  are  chamfered,  and  through  such  room  passes  the 
powerful  wave,  striking  on  these  multiple  indented  pockets 
but  without  losing  anything  of  its  cohesion  or  of  its  force. 

Thus,  after  the  lirst  enormous  shock,  direct  in  front,  bear- 
ing with  all  its  weight  in  producing  the  great  initial  impulse, 
there  remain: 

A  long  wall  on  the  right,  which  still  yields  force. 

A  long  wall  on  the  left,  which  still  yields  force. 

A  long  wall  in  front  and  above  still  yielding  force. 

And  no  internal  fiiction.     Everything  counts. 

Hence  the  terrible  shocks  which,  besides  the  i)rimitive 
force  present,  still  on  three  sides  push  the  wheel,  drag  it  around, 
raise  it  by  virtue  of  that  formidable  pressure  which  is  still 
exerted  directly  on  three  great  points,  at  once  striking  the 
indented  pockets  of  these  mobile  walls  and  setting  them  in 
motion.  And  all  this  is  a  surplus  of  the  initial  force  produced 
on  the  central  point  where  the  column  of  water  issues. 

* 

It  should  be  stated  that  in  producing  this  enormous  force 
the  body  of  the  liquid  remains  compact,  solid  ;  it  is  not  scat- 
tered, is  i\ot  weakened,  is  not  lost,  is  not  divided.  It  remains 
strong  in  the  interior  route  of  the  wheel,  which  it  traverses 
while  turning  it.  Its  terrible  current  is  not  slackened,  it  loses 
nothing  of  its  force,  nothing  of  its  velocity,  it  renuiins  formid- 
able, iucessantlv  active,  and  the  wheel  turns  as  if  ojierated  by 
a  supreme,  unalterable  power. 


—  10  — 

But  when  the  column  of  water  has  done  its  work  on  the 
first  wheel,  that  is  to  say,  in  imparting  the  initial  motion,  this 
aqueous  solid  column,  formidable  under  the  high  pressure 
which  impels  it,  this  colossal  column  does  not  abandon  the 
battle-field  like  the  other  wheels,  it  continues  the  struggle. 
And  this  solid,  irresistible  wave  sets  in  motion  all  the  con- 
nected wheels  on  the  inner  route,  of  which  it  is  master.  In 
proportion  as  it  descends  this  solid  wave  becomes  stronger, 
because  each  column  of  new  water  which  arrives  after  each 
other  column  of  new  water  which  enters  into  the  tube,  weighs 
more  rnd  more  on  the  head.  And  this  movement  of  force 
never  stops,  and  this  augmentation,  this  prolongation  of  force, 
will  last  as  long  as  the  iron  tube  in  which  the  wheels  are  con- 
tained. 

This  is  why  I  said  just  now  that  the  Pelton  wheel  pro- 
duces one  force  whilst  mine,  in  connection  with  the  tube,  can 
produce  a  hundred  and  even  a  thousand  forces  if  necessary. 

And  this  'without  expending  more  mater  than  in  the  Pelton 
wheel,  because  I  utilize  thvs  the  water  which  the  Pelton  wheel  loses 
and  which  all  the  other  ivheels  lose. 

To  illustrate  more  clearly  the  excellence  of  the  new  sys- 
tem of  motor  wheel  which  I  introduced  into  practice  T  will 
make  a  last  comparison  and  say: 

Let  us  take,  for  example,  any  motor  wheel  whatever,  the 
best  in  actual  use.  This  wheel,  the  best,  will  produce  one  force, 
one  only. 

Then,  if  I  am  given  the  same  quantity  of  water  which 
has  served  in  the  best  of  existing  wheels  to  produce  a  single 
force,  I  shall  produce  at  once  an  eqval  and  even  superior  force. 
But,  as  my  water  has  not  exhausted  its  power,  and  its  force 
and  velocity  remain  entire  in  consequence  of  the  internal 
arrangement  of  my  wheel,  if  I  add  a  wheel  in  my  tube  I  obtain 
immediately  a  force  cent  per  cent  more  than  the  best  wheel 
known. 

[f  I  add  two  of  my  wheels  I  obtain,  with  the  same  quan- 
tity of  water,  200  per  cent  more  force  than  the  best  wheel. 

If  I  add  three  of  my  wheels  I  obtain,  with  the  same  quan- 
tity of  water,  oOO  per  cent  more  force  than  the  best  wheel. 

If  1  add  four  I  obtain,  with  the  same  quantity  of  water, 
400  per  cent  more  force  than  the  best  wheel. 

If  I  add  five  I  obtain,  with  the  same  quantity  of  water, 
500  per  cent  more  force  than  the  best  wheel. 

If  I  add  eight  I  obtain  800  per  cent  more  force. 

If  I  add  ten  I  obtain,  with  the  same  quantity  of  water, 
1 .000  per  cent  more  force  than  the  best  wheel. 

Now,  if  I  add  100  of  my  wheels  to  my  tube  I  obtain,  with 
the  same  quantity  of  water,  10,000  per  cisnt  nn)re  force  than 
the  best  wheel. 

If  I  add  200  I  obtain,  with  tlie  same  (quantity  of  water 
20,000  pir  cent  more  force  than  the  best  wheel. 

The  thing  is  entirely  feasible,  for  I  reckon  to  l)e  easily 
aljle  to  connect  a  thousand  wheels  in  my  tubes  at  reasonable 
distances  from  each  other,  and  to  see  them  all  operate. 

In  this  case  my  motor  force  could  produce,  with  the  same 
(piantity  of  water,  100,000  per  cent  moi'c  force  than  the  best 
wheels  in  actual  use. 


— 11— 

So,  then,  the  best  of  the  known  wheels  ean  produce  ONE 
FORCE,  ONE  SINGLE  FORCE,  whilst  with  the  same  quan- 
tity of  water  I  can  prochice  up  to  A  HUNDRED  THOUSAND 
PEi;    CENT  MORE. 

At  first  siglit  this  seems  exaggerated,  but  I  believe  it 
feasible. 

TJie  reaso))  v'.S'  that  the  water  of  the  better  motor  wheels  J)eeomes 
neutralized  or  entirely  lost  after  haring  produced  its  first,  its  sole, 
its  only  force,  while  mine  not  only  does  not  lose  it,  but  remains 
active,  powerfvl,  and  (foes  on  midtiplyinq,  nmltiplying  its  force 
over  the  whole  line  which  it  traverses. 

But  if  instead  of  a  tube  of  a  cubic  foot  T  employ  a  tube  of 
two  cubic  feet,  /  shall  then  have  an  immense  power,  a  power  such 
as  steam  has  never  produced  and  never  ivill  produce. 

And  this  immense  power  will  cost  nothing  to  maintain, 
will  necessitate  no  repairs;  not  a  drop  of  oil  will  be  needed  for 
lubrication.  And  each  new  wheel  will  go  on  dou))ling  its  prim- 
itive force.  That  is  inevitable.  Water  does  not  rise  to  its 
source,  but  produces  all  its  power  below.  That  is  the  case  in 
this  instance. 


RESUME. 


Let  me  then  briefly  repeat: 

In  my  system  the  current  is  not  broken,  the  force  is  not 
Vjroken,  is  not  lost,  does  not  slacken  or  become  neutralized  as 
in  all  other  h3'draulic  wheels  after  they  have  produced  their 
effect.  My  current  is  maintained,  solid,  homogeneous,  firm, 
all  in  one  body.  It  is  like  a  block  of  liquid  iron  striking  as 
with  blow^s  of  a  club  wdthout  ever  disengaging,  without  any- 
thing being  able  to  stop  it,  diminish  it,  or  lessen  its  effect.  It 
goes,  powerful  as  Destiny,  and  can  multiply  economically,  and 
infinitely,  its  benefit  in  all  lands  which  it  traverses,  incased  in 
its  iron  prison. 


NoAv  let  us  cast  a  glance  at  the  multiple  role  of  my  now 
hydraulic  wheels  in  their  ai)plication  to  mining  : 

Stationed  along  the  whole  extent  of  factories,  of  mines, 
of  workshops,  of  mills,  of  reduction  houses  and  of  mining 
establishments  of  every  kind,  these  wheels,  by  the  intervention 
of  their  motive  power,  will  throw  down  auriferous  gravels,  wil 
wash  them,  will  separate  them,  crush  them,  concentrate  them 


■     —12  — 

amalgamate  them,  and  extract  the  gold  contained  in  their 
different  gangues.  They  (the  wheels)  will  have  the  further 
advantage  of  being  able  to  operate  in  the  deepest  mines  and  of 
working  all  the  engines  there. 

They  will  shatter  the  quartz  rocks,  powder  them,  amalga- 
mate them,  concentrate  them; 

They  will  operate  the  largest  reduction  tubes,  pans,  and 
'■  arastras;" 

They  will  pump  the  water  from  the  mines; 

They  will  draw  minerals  to  the  surface; 

They  will  hoist  up  the  tailings; 

They  will  send  pure  air  into  the  depths  and  tunnels  of  the 
mines; 

They  will  light  them  by  electricity; 

They  will  furnish  wind  for  reduction  furnaces; 

They  will  set  in  motion  cars  loaded  with  quartz,  rock  and 
gravels; 

They  will  transport  men  by  a  system  of  surface  cable  cars; 
they  will  transport  machines,  wood,  tools,  provisions  and  engines 
of  every  description; 

They  will  saw  wood;  they  will  compress  in  moulds  the 
residue  of  the  washings  to  form  supporting  pillars  and  columns; 

And  all  this  will  be  done  with  the  powers  produced  by  the 
same  water;  that  is  to  say,  by  the  waters  hitherto  lost. 

In  short  they  will  simplify  labor,  will  render  it  easy, 
prompt  and  economical  in  every  undergroimd  spot  which  man 
can  reach.  In  regard  to  their  use  in  other  industries  they  can 
be  applied  with  very  great  advantage  to  all  mechanism  which 
requires  motor  power.  In  short,  they  will  l)e  a  great  benefit  to 
all  the  towns  and  villages  of  the  interior,  especially  in  the 
mountains. 


*   "- 


It  is  useless  to  describe  here  the  benefits  of  every  kind 
which  the  country  will  derive  from  the  introduction  of  the  new 
motor  force.  They  are  self-evident.  There  will  come  a  day 
when  men  will  utilize  all  those  lost  forces  which  descend  from 
the  mountains;  a  day  when  good  use  will  be  made  of  those 
grand  masses  of  water  Avhich  in  high  latitudes  evaporate  or 
descend  in  im])etuous  ways  and  pass  on  to  the  sea  without  profit 
to  anybody.  We  know  that  the  evaporation  of  water  is  enor- 
mous in  elevated  regions,  whether  from  the  effects  of  heat  or 
especially  from  the  rarefaction  of  the  air  and  the  lack  ofatuios- 
pheric  pressure.  The  water  of  our  great  lakes,  so  abundant  on 
the  summits  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  is  vajjorized  night  and  day 
into  tbf  atmosphere,  and  is  carried  into  the  Eastern  States  by 
our  constant  winds  from  the  Northwest  to  the  detriment  of  the 
Californian  soil,  which  remains  dry.  It  also  ha})pens  that  the 
water  of  our  elevated  lakes  which  is  not  vaporized  or  carried  off 
by  the  west  winds  passes  off  to  the  sea  and  is  lost  to  this  coun- 
try which  so  sorely  needs  it.  Even  on  the  way  down  it  still 
loses  much  by  evaporation  and  by  suction  into  the  earth. 

These  are  the  great  lost  li(}uid  riches  which  it  concerns  us  to 
stop  on  the  road;  to  utilize  them  and  make  them  all  conduce 
to  the   general    prosperity.     And   the  sooner  that  is  done  th(^ 


1  o  

better  it  will  be.  This  country  has  received  every  gift  from  the 
Almighty  with  one  exception,  the  water  from  the  sky.  That 
fails  us.  But  this  water  is  at  our  feet;  beneath  our  hands  or 
above  our  heads  on  the  summits  of  the  Nevada.  It  offers 
itself  to  us.  There  is  more  than  the  country  will  ever  need.  Tt 
is  only  a  (juestion  of  knowing  how  to  utilize  it;  of  being  willing. 
With  its  water  supply  well  directed  California  would  soon  be 
the  first  of  the  States  in  the  American  Union.  Chained  at  the 
starting  point  of  its  thousand  different  springs  this  water  wouM 
everywhere  work  wonders  on  its  passage.  I>y  the  constant 
motor  force  which  it  would  produce  it  could  create  all 
kinds  of  industry.  By  ca])ture  of  numerous  forces  in  the  main- 
pipes  it  will  extend  the  ramifications  of  its  power  in  all  directions 
without  loss  of  its  strength,  thanks  to  the  new  motor  wheeJ. 
Then  after  having  worked  wonders  in  all  industries,  in  mines, 
the  turn  of  agriculture  will  come. 

Instead  of  letting  this  water  pass  away  to  the  sea  after  it 
has  accomplished  its  great  industrial  work,  it  will  be  brought 
to  accomplish  another  great  task,  that  of  soil-cultivation. 

It  will  give,  then,  abundant  harvests  where  it  is  often 
impossible  to  make  a  blade  of  grass  spring  up  or  thrive.  Then, 
after  the  scientific  motor  force,  which  shall  fecundate  all  indus- 
tries and  enrich  mechanics,  wdll  come  the  scientific  irrigation, 
which  shall  render  the  fields  fruitful  and  enrich  the  farmer. 
The  miner,  with  new  means  and  new  machines,  will  be  able  to 
produce  more  gold  with  poor  and  mediocre  ores  than  with  rich 
ores  under  the  old  style.  He  will  incessantly  put  new  millions 
in  circulation,  and,  thanks  to  his  means,  he  will  be  enricheil 
by  poor  ores,  whilst  his  rich  ores  have   sometimes  ruined  him. 

Do  you  see  these  ca])tures  of  force  effected  everywlu're  in 
these  parent  tubes  ?  These  main  pipes  reproducing  force 
ceaselessly,  and  carrying  everywhere  life,  labor,  fortune,  ease, 
happiness  under  every  roof,  under  that  of  the  poor  as  well  as 
that  of  the  rich  ?  I  s:iy  poor  :  I  am  wrong,  for  in  such  a 
country  there  should  be  no  more  poor  people.  The  tube  which 
will  bring  the  new  Avati'r  motor  })ower  will  be  the  precursor  ; 
the  tube  which  will  fertilize  the  helds  will  be  the  consequence  : 
a  blessing  of  God.  Both  will  march  side  by  side,  mutually 
aiding,  creating,  producing,  enriching  men.  increasing  com- 
merce, fecundating  barren  lands,  sowing  industry  everywhere 
on  the  small  as  well  as  on  the  large  scale  ;  developing  the 
mines  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection  ;  in  a  word,  preparing 
great  destinies  for  this  noble  country  and  its  noble  people. 


This  will  be  the  true  Land  of  Promise. 
San  Francisco,  April  20,  1889. 

E.  DERBEC. 


l^'^ill  appear  shortly,  by  tlie  same  Autlior, 
tlie  Freneli  and  Hng^lisli    editions,   panipli- 


—  14  — 

lets  in   octavo,  of  which  the  title  and  sum- 
inary  of  chapters  are  as  follov^s : 

NEW  "^INDUSTRY. 


The  IVLarch  ok  Progress. 


New,  Economical,  Patented  and  Perfect 

system:  of  mining. 

For  Gold,  Silver  and  other  Metals. 


Molecular  Disintegration. — Working  ores  and  washing  gravels. 

— Roasting,  reducing,  disintegrating  ores,  cements,  gravels, 

and  auriferous  cemented  minerals. 
Tunneling,  drifting,  separating,  breaking,  crushing,  pulverizing 

gravels,  quartz,  schists,   boulders,   ores  of  any   kind  and 

stones. 
Dredging,    excavating,    digging,    hoisting,    ditching,    drilling, 

pounding,  pumping,  blowing,  lighting,  preserving  life. 
Concentrating,  amalgamating,  reducing,  saving,  catching  invisi- 
ble gold,  combined  lost  golds,  precipitated  gold,  float  gold, 

and  all  non-amalgamable  lost  golds. 
Saving  the  finest  particles  of  precious  metals,  and  also  the  lost 

amalgamated  quicksilver. 
Avoiding   losses    of  gold  under   all   their   forms,  saving   all  of 

them. 
Useful  employ  of  the  debris — and   getting  rid  of  the  tailings, 

miner's  debris,  mining  residues  without  filling  the  streams 

or  the  rivers. 


SUMMARY   OF   CHAPTERS. 

PREFACE. 

CHAPTER  I. — The  new  industry  which  the  author  proposes 
to  create. — Its  future. — Economic  production 
of  gold. — Its  abundance. — Its  loss. — Resume 
of  the  new  system. — Recovery  of  washings. — 
Resuscitation  of  California  mining. 

CHAP.  II. — The  inconveniences  of  the  Great  Hydraulic. — 
Its  defects.  —  Its  losses. — lioulders  charged 
with  gold. — Replaced  by  a  better  system. — 
The  whole  coast  in  danger. 

CHAP.  III.  —  Greatness  of  the  work  done  by  the  Great  Hy- 
draulic.— Klines  run  by  thi;  Little  Hydraulic. — 
Mines  of  drift  gravel. — Progress  in  course  of 
accomplishment. 


—  15 


CHAP.   IV. 


CHAP.    V.    — 


CHAP.  vr.  — 

CHAP.  VII.— 
CHAP.  VIII.- 
CHAP.  IX.  — 

CHAP.    X.  — 

CHAP.  XI.  — 


CHAP.  XII.— 


CHAP.  XIII 


The  New  Patented  System  of  Mining. — Extracts 
from  specifications  contained  in  the  letters 
patent  granted  to  the  Author  by  the  Patent 
Office  at  Washington. 

The  new  wheels  which  can  harness  the  waters 
of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  and  multiply  indefi- 
nitely the  initial  motor  force  with  the  same 
quantity  of  water,  without  loss  of  water  and 
without  loss  of  force. 

Losses  in  gold  in  the  different  metallurgical 
processes. — My  first  experience  in  the  volatili- 
zation of  gold. — Chemical  losses. — Mechanical 
losses. — Losses  in  silver. 

Interesting  document  by  M.  F.  Craveri. — Fine 
gold. — Invisible  gold.— Non-amalgamable  gold. 
•Experiences  on  the  volatilization  of  silver. — 
Certain  auriferous  pyrites  of  California. 
Losses  in  amalgamation. — Gold  and  silver 
floating  in  the  air. — Gold,  silver  and  mercury 
floating  in  water. 

Enormous  losses. — How  gold  escapes.— The 
•'  Fellows." — Other  great  losses  of  gold  in  the 
washings. 

Experiences  gained  in  Russia  and  Germany. — 
Introduction  of  the  processes  of  lixiviation  for 
gold  and  silver  in  California  and  Nevada. — 
Aqueous  liquefaction  of  all  minerals  accom- 
plished by  the  author. 

Improvements  effected  by  the  Author's  Xew 
System  of  Mininy. — Slviices,  reservoirs  and 
disintegrating  basins  in  the  washings. — Per- 
manent batteries  of  disintegrating  jets.  —Disin- 
tegrating moval)le-cascade-wheels. — Deh»ris  as 
a  motive  power  aiid  disintegrator. 
—  Breaching  batteries  composed  of  batteries  of 
rotatory  drills,  and  batteries  of  dredgers  (iso- 
lated or  combined)  to  cut  down,  reduce  and 
work  economically  the  great  ledges  of  aurif- 
erous gravels. — Able  to  replace  Great  and 
Little  Hydraulics,  and  saving  all  the  gold 
which  these  two  svstems  lose. — Multiplication 
of  the  labor  of  man  by  100,  500,  1,00(»,  10,000, 
according  to  the  circumstances  and  the  land 
conditions. — Allowing  gravels  and  soils  of  ex- 
tremely poor  quality  to  be  profitably  worked, 
even  sometime  those  in  which  the  miners  have 
not  been  able  to  discern  the  color  of  gold. — 
Introduction  by  the  Author  of  concentration  of 
the  washings,  promising  .now- harvests  of  gold, 
at  present  lost. — Our  giant  drills. — Our  giant 
concentrators. — Our  giant  pulverizing  bat- 
leries  and  amalgamators  combined  without 
changing  the  mercury  into  powder. — Our  giant 
electric  batteries  of  natural  amalgamation  in 
washings  and  crushed  ores. — Our  giant  tubes 
of  electro-chemical  amalgamation  for  gold  and 
for  silver,  each  of  a  capacity  of  100  tons  a  day. 


— 10  — 

CHAP.  XIV.  —  Molecular  disintegration — Our  movable  disin- 
tegrating furnace. — Barrels  for  electro-chemical 
disintegration. — Our  disintegrating  mill. — Sur- 
prising results  obtained  by  the  Author's  system 
of  operations. — Solution  of  the  problem  of  gold 
losses. — Our  giant  Quartz  Rollers  Mill. — Com- 
bined with  our  new  motor  wheels,  which  multi- 
ply indefinitely  the  initial  force  with  the  same 
quantity  of  water,  this  kind  of  mill  gives  us 
the  hope  that  they  will  be  able  to  crush  and 
amalgamate  several  thousand  tons  of  quartz, 
gravel  or  cement  in  twenty-four  hours. 
C!HAP.  X\'.  —  Sluices  of  electro-magnetic  discharge  saving  the 
imponderable  portions  of  the  metals  as  well 
as  the  fine  particles  of  amalgam. — Protection 
of  life  under  ground — Utilization  of  miners' 
debris. 
CHAP.  X\'l. — Necessity  of  an  act  of  Congress  granting 
miners  the  right  of  way  for  men,  animals,  car- 
riages,  telephones,   electric  wires. 

Also  right  of  way  for  water  and  tailings, 
whether  on  the  soil,  in  the  air,  or  under  ground, 
for  everything  implied  in  the  working  of 
mines. 

Necessity  of  a  law  reserving  and  granting  to 
miners  in  the  mining  zone  special  grounds  for 
dumping  their  debris. 

Rights  of  water  and  wood  reserved  to  mi  net's 
in  the  mining  zone  when  such  wood  and  water 
are  required  for  stri(;tly  mining  purposes. 

Rights  for  the  miners  and  proprietors  of 
mines  to  have  all  their  gold  and  silver  struck 
in  the  United  States  mint,  on  paying  the  ex- 
penses of  coining. 

Withdrawal  of  paper  currency  from  circula- 
tion, in  view  of  replacing  it  by  the  solid  metals, 
gold  and  by  silver,  as  best  conforming  to  the 
genei-al  interests  of  the  country. 

Greatness  of  the  benefits  produced  l)y  gold 
and  silver  money. 

Greatness  of  the  disasters  of  every  kind  ])ro- 
duced  by  paper  money  in  all  countries  and  at 
all  times. 

Duty  of  true  statesmen  to  prevent  the  recur- 
rence of  similar  catastrophes. 
CHAP.  XVI 1.  —  Conclusion. 


POSTSCRIPT. 

In  order  to  j)repare  for  the  new  and  important  industrial 
step  which  the  author  jii'oposes  to  inaugurate,  he  intends  to 
issue  bonds  for  a  sum  of  .$H'.()()0  dollars,  bearing  interest  at  the 
rate  of  12  per  cent,  per  annum,  interest  piiyable  every  six 
months,  and  the  ca])ital  re{)avablc  at  the  end  of  ten  vears. 
These  bonds  will   be  of  .t2()()  each. 

Subscriptions  can  now  be  received  at  the  olliee  of  the 
undersigned.  E.    DKRBEC, 

321  Montgomery  Street,  San  Francisco. 


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